Confucianism Essay Example For Students

Confucianism Essay Confucianism Essay, the philosophical framework established on the instructing of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, ruled Chinese sociopolitical life for the vast majority of the Chinese history and to a great extent affected the way of life of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school worked as a selecting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring most elevated on assessments in the Confucian works of art. It additionally mixed with well known and significant religions and turned into the vehicle for introducing Chinese qualities to the laborers. The schools regulation upheld political position utilizing the hypothesis of the order of paradise. It tried to assist rulers with keeping up local request, safeguard custom, and keep up a consistent way of life for the duty paying workers. Who is Confucius? Confucius was of honorable plummet in the territory of Lu (present day Shantung). No records give him going to class despite the fact that Confucius was a knowledgeable man. He needed to make his own living at an early age. He began a political profession at a youthful age, ascending in the positions, however fell quicker than what he rose. His fundamental objective in legislative issues was to reestablish mankind and to persuade different aristocrats to follow a specific rule, however after he was excused from government, he stayed away forever to open life. By the age of 20, Confucius chose to turn into an educator, to attempt to change the world through what he instructors. He had an example of reasoning that propelled numerous individuals, regardless of what religion they were, the majority of East Asia and their perspective had Confucian components in them. His arrangement was acknowledge anybody as a follower given that the understudy is happy to learn. In any case, the savage chiefs at that point, gave no consideration to any of his ways of thinking. Confucius was one of the first and barely any logicians to leave an assortment of compositions behind as a hotspot for all individuals (like the Bible for Catholics). History of Confucianism Confucius lived from 551BCE to 479BCE, during the Chou Dynasty, where in certainty royal principle was separating. High principled men initially established at that point ran the Chou Dynasty, however by Confucius time, China was experiencing an exceptionally troublesome period where clashes and assaults had controlled the tradition, while usurpers took over land, this administration was degenerate. This time of political strife (770BCE-221BCE) began another time of a ;hundred schools; where educators, for example, Confucius, would move from state to state showing their others their thoughts and ethics. This was likewise the time however, where detainees were killed in mass executions, warriors were paid when they introduced the cut off leaders of the foe, entire populaces that were caught were guillotined and there were records of the vanquished being bubbled to death in a soup and the family being compelled to drink the human soup. There was something truly amiss with the equity an d equity in this tradition, that the way of thinking of Confucius could help. The improvement of Confucianism went to an out of nowhere quit during the Chin administration (221BCE-206BCE) where the First Emperor didnt affirm of the Confucian thoughts, in this way proclaimed any individual who contrasted with the state in their thoughts, were murdered, and all of Confucius lessons and books were to be scorched. After the passing of the Emperor, the Chin administration was ousted by the Han tradition, where Confucianism was re-presented, however turned into the predominant way of thinking among royal authorities. In any case, not long after this occurrence, the new pioneers were persuaded that having a foot in Confucian way of thinking, is driving you the correct route throughout everyday life. What occurred after the passing of Confucius? Confucius accepted that he didnt accomplish anything throughout everyday life and that he was a disappointment, however on the off chance that this was thus, the legend and lessons of Confucius, and Confucianism would of kicked the bucket, yet it didnt, rather it lived on through the analects, through Mencius and through Neo-Confucianism. (another arrangement of Confucian idea) Closeness Essay Each of the five components was related to one of the five essential hues, the five bearings, the five chief grains, and the five planets. The Five Elements Correspondence Wood Fire Earth .

How to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline

The most effective method to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline How to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline? Deciding to compose a basic book audit is an overwhelming assignment. Something about the word ‘critical’ appears to invoke startling dreams of swimming through gigantic tomes of scholarly hypothesis that take steps to swallow your constrained examining capacities as an understudy. An audit by the day's end should be basic where you share your assessment on a particular point and it tells the producers or perusers your genuine sentiment on it. There are numerous commentators out there, condemning a wide range of books including fiction and papers, however not every one of these analysts or their suppositions are esteemed. Now and again, it is simply because they’re coming up short on a legitimate framework and thus can't compose their musings appropriately. Why Have an Outline for a Critical Book Review? Like some other task set by a methodicallly delivered educational program, a basic book audit is likewise simple. You basically apply an efficient methodology and break it into parts. You write down the fundamental components you have to incorporate. Working as per a diagram is an extraordinary method to achieve your objectives. A framework fills in as a precise apparatus that will keep you on target. You can generally allude to your layout to ensure you are not missing anything. Also, we notice a few hints on genuine basic book audit composing, so it’s two flying creatures with one shot. This guide will disclose to you how to set up a framework in four simple advances which compare to the suggested segments. Presentation (1-2 Paragraphs, Half a Page) Like any great bit of composing, start with a presentation. The particular structure is up to you, pick a citation that you loved, an especially ground-breaking scene in the book, even an individual tale which integrates with the more extensive supposition you hold of the book. The objective is to catch the reader’s consideration and keep them snared. Incorporate a review of the book where you sum up the plot and furthermore present a statement of your general judgment. Outline (1 Page or around 23 Lines of Typed Text) An outline is a short conversation of the significant subjects, ideas, and thoughts introduced in the book. It is suggested that you compose this altogether in your own words. Present a dense image of the book. In the event that your rundown contains spoilers, ensure you caution your perusers about it. Basic Evaluation (3 Pages) The third is an inside and out area which incorporates the reviewer’s responses to the musings of the creator. Most understudies regularly think that its difficult to be basic, likely in light of the fact that they are under the feeling that so as to scrutinize something you need to have master level information. This is a lamentable feeling that must be dissipated from your brain. End (1-2 Paragraphs, Half a Page) A short area which shows the general impression and assessment showed up at by the commentator. It very well may be written in first individual whenever wanted and ought to include: Things which you gained from the book; Whether you would prescribe the book to others. A scrutinize is basically an assortment of reactions, responses and contemplations to what you are perusing. Nobody anticipates that you should deliver a specialist level scrutinize in the event that you are just a student. The most ideal approach to make this simple is to record your considerations and impressions while you are perusing the book. Scribble down any inquiries or perspectives you like and toward the finish of your read you will have a huge arrangement of notes that will make the evaluate a breeze. Here are the angles that you have to include: Your general assessment and the explanations for it. How did the book cause you to feel? Was the composing ready to hold your advantage? What was the creator attempting to convey? How well-or not-did the creator present their focuses, thoughts and suppositions? Did you distinguish any hidden way of thinking in the book? Is the author’s see objective? How does the book fit into the setting of the course? How helpful are the commentaries, list, catalog and so forth.? Is the book a helpful commitment to the field by and large? What are the qualities/shortcomings of the book? Do you have unanswered inquiries from what book? What might you want to include or expel from the book to improve it? You have to make reference to these inquiries in your blueprint to realize what to concentrate on in your composition. At that point, while making the genuine book audit, detail these segments as an appropriately organized article that incorporates theme sentences and coherent advances. These layout rules are critical on the grounds that the second you detail them, you’ll have an unmistakable structure in your mind. We trust that they will make your book survey as basic as could be expected under the circumstances (positively).

Government Health Care

Jerry Trevorrow English 0900-11 Essay #2 Government Healthcare The mind dominant part of Americans concur that change of our medicinal services framework is essential; banter keeps on seething over what explicit kind of change we need. Envision having uk/the-focal points and-hindrances of-governments-giving free-social insurance/>free medicinal services, and never to stress over getting the human services you need. This being accessible would allow individuals to live somewhat better. Having the legislature give social insurance would be smarter to Americans. This kind of medical coverage would help the jobless just as the employed.The cost of health care coverage is progressively costing the American individuals a huge number of dollars on premiums. The nature of clinical inclusion in the United States is among the best in the Nation. With free human services American’s can see a specialist early so they can help forestall serious issues like malignant growth, HIV or other significant sicknesses. The positive side of government medicinal services is no prohibitions for prior conditions. You are guaranteed from the day you are conceived. No liquidations because of clinical bills.No passings because of absence of medical coverage or Cheaper , More moderate; everyone in no one out. Spare citizens billions every year in enlarged corporate managerial and official pay costs. Government-financed social insurance would give access to clinical administrations to all uninsured. Lower expenses of government medicinal services will make protection inclusion be fundamentally progressively available to a great many people and organizations. Specialists and other clinical experts can concentrate on quiet consideration, and no longer need to burn through several squandered hours every year managing protection companies.Patients as well, under government social insurance could never need to misuse unreasonable measures of disappointing time wheeling and dealing with insurance agencies. Other significant positives of government-supported social insurance include: 47 million Americans needed human services protection inclusion as of the 2008 presidential crusade season. Taking off joblessness from that point forward have caused the positions of the uninsured to expand past 50 million in mid-2009. Traditionalists and Libertarians contradict U. S. overnment medicinal services for the most part since they don't accept that it's a legitimate job of government to offer social types of assistance to private residents. Rather, traditionalists accept that human services inclusion should keep on being given exclusively by private-segment to benefit protection organizations or potentially by non-benefit substances. In 2009, a bunch of Congressional Republicans have recommended that maybe the uninsured could acquire restricted clinical administrations by means of a voucher framework and duty credits for low-pay families. This resembles what Minnesota care i s about.Low salary or no pay you can get Minnesota care. You may have a month to month charge for the strategy or need to pay three dollar co-pay for everything. You are just permitted to utilize something like ten thousand dollars of clinical consideration for a year at once. From the patient's point of view, negatives of government-financed social insurance may incorporate. Diminishing in adaptability for patients to uninhibitedly look over among the immense sorts of medications, treatment alternatives, and surgeries offered today by more extravagant specialists and hospitals.On June 18, 2009, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi told the press, â€Å"I have each certainty that we will have an open choice coming out of the House of Representatives — that will be one that is actuarially solid, authoritatively independent, one that contributes as to rivalry, doesn't take out rivalry. † Less potential specialists may select to enter the clinical calling because of dimin ished open doors for exceptionally repaid positions. Less specialists combined with soaring interest for specialists could prompt a deficiency of clinical experts, and to longer sitting tight periods for appointments.The American Medical Association, which speaks to 29% of U. S. specialists, contradicts any administration protection plan chiefly in light of the fact that specialists' repayment rates will be not exactly those from most private segment plans. Not all specialists restrict government-supported social insurance, however. There are numerous different nations, which have government social insurance and are doing great with it. The rates of longer future are better in those nations contrast with the U. S. Canada’s future is 81. 3 percent; contrast with the U. S is 78. 1 percent. Doctors per 1000 individuals as follows; Canada is 2. contrast with the U. S is at 2. 4. There isn't a lot of contrast from what we have now contrasted with government social insurance in adm inistrations and nature of care per tolerance. We will profit of living longer with government human services, as we probably am aware we are the most minimal in future to numerous different nations. The administration controlling anything ought to be medicinal services. Rather than different issues they are directing at this point. Having the legislatures give social insurance would be the best thing for all American’s. I feel we would extraordinarily profit by this and become even more a more beneficial nation.

Summary Air-driven Microfluidizer

Quetion: Depict about air-driven microfluidizer? Answer: The working proficiency of an air-driven microfluidizer, which is the seat top sort, has been contrasted with the high force ultrasonic horn, which additionally is the seat top sort, utilizing a model medication, anti-inflamatory medicine, for creation of pharmaceutical evaluation nanoemulsions. This has been finished by considering different components like the synthetic substances and reagents, the pre-homogenization arrangement of coarse emulsion, emulsification utilizing ultrasonication, emulsification utilizing microfluidization, polydispersity file investigation and emulsion bead size and, consistency assurance, pH strength examination, field discharge filtering electron microscopy and the measurable investigation of these variables. The medication stacking and prehomogenizations impact on the resultant mean bead width and conveyance of size of the drops that have been emulsed, has been contemplated. This investigation has been done in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. This has aga in been fused with the anti-inflamatory medicine as the model medication. The outcomes has been examined. This has been done on the components relying upon impact of vitality contribution of microfluidization and ultrasonication on the properties of the resultant emulsion, number of passes utilizing microfluidizer and impact of working weight , impact of time of illumination utilizing ultrasound and force sufficiency, the impact of pre-homogenization on the properties of sonicated emulsion and microfluidized, impact of medication stacking on the properties of created emulsion utilizing microfluidizer and sonication, the pH effect on the solidness of produced emulsion utilizing sonication and microfluidizer. It has been watched for the microfluidizer, that the size of the emulsion beads was practically free of the quantity of passes and applied microfluidization pressure. In this way, ultrasound cavitation is profoundly vitality proficient and compelling pharmaceutical nanoemulsions. References S. Hatziantoniou, G. Shop, Y. Nikas, C. Demetzos, G.T. Papaioannou, Scanning electron microscopy concentrate on nanoemulsions and strong lipid nanoparticles containing high measures of ceramides, Micron 38 (8) (2007) 819823.P. Becher, Emulsions Theory and Practice, second ed., Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1965.

Essay on Readings in Humanities

Article on Readings in Humanities Article on Readings in Humanities Readings in Humanities The human condition envelops the extraordinary highlights of being human in both a social and individual setting. It is the reason we look for commendation and satisfaction. It is the purpose behind your interest, your still, small voice and your judgment of others. It is independent from status, race, sex or social foundation. The human condition resembles that of no other living species on earth. It is the thing that makes us better than each other living life form. These scholars all will be all polarizing in their own privilege and every ha a novel view of the human condition. Sun Tzu is one of the most notable individuals in history as far as war. He was an evolutionist and a pioneer on the front line. Sun Tzu’s standards are still generally utilized and esteemed right up 'til today. A portion of the things he had confidence in that I discovered especially fascinating while at the same time perusing â€Å"The Art of War†. Tzu protected that his prosperity on the combat zone wasn’t fundamentally on account of unrivaled weaponry. He knew the significance of vital arranging and understanding your rival. He had the option to analyze the qualities and shortcomings of his resistance and afterward plan as needs be to misuse those shortcomings on the front line. I think it’s amazing for somebody who lived such a long time ago in a vastly different world that we live in today to understand that war is so a lot, if not to a greater degree a mental battle as it is a physical one. He was one of the main actually mentally disapproved of com manders in the cutting edge world. One might say that his best weapon was his mind and that was a weapon that would remain exclusively in his ownership as long as he lived. Since Tzu is so definitely mindful how there are numerous kinds of shortcoming that can make us helpless, I wonder what type of government he thought as the best. Would it be with a solid dictator who seemed to have little shortcoming? Or then again would his legislature be various and depict a level to outcasts? If Tzu somehow managed to govern would he attempt to overcome others? I don’t figure I will ever know the responses to these inquiries however if I somehow happened to converse with Tzu these future a portion of the things I’d ask him. Charles Manson to me is one of the most charming people to ever live. I generally thought he was blameworthy and ought to be in prison until he kicks the bucket yet his interpretation of his â€Å"guilt† is fascinating. Manson kind of keeps up in his b ook the way that he, his physical self, didn't submit any homicides so he shouldn’t be in prison for homicide. I imagine that society is set up in the manner where individuals will consider others answerable dependent on their own view of blame paying little mind to the manner in which the law is set up. Everybody in the public arena considered Manson to be a sociopath and a risk so they convict him and put remove him from society. He is viewed as an extreme untouchable thus we as people consider him to be somebody who is excessively boundlessly not quite the same as ourselves thus we discover approaches to expel them from every other person. He was somebody who individuals didn’t comprehend and that is the reason they were dreadful of him. The mind lion's share of individuals feel that murder isn't right so we rebuff the individuals who do it. What's more, most of individuals accept that the individuals who murder ought to be embarrassed and feel remorseful. Also, ind ividuals like Manson don’t feel that we are stunned for reasons unknown yet actually this conduct is in our tendency. Since the time the start of humankind we have been killing one another. A huge number of people through the span of time have killed each other. We as a race do this to one another and consistently have so I just don’t completely comprehend why we are amazed when individuals like Manson do the things that they do. I feel that there is a contention of ethics where Manson feels that since there is no blood on his hands that he isn’t blameworthy, yet our general public accepts that he is as yet mindful. I feel that it’s something to be thankful for that our general public is set up along these lines to control the activities of individuals like Manson since he is eventually more hazardous than the normal individual. To be reasonable for Manson, he was somebody who in

In the Rearview Joan Didions Slouching towards Bethlehem and the Ages of Anxiety Book Riot Loyal Miles

In the Rearview Joan Didions Slouching towards Bethlehem and the Ages of Anxiety Book Riot Loyal Miles It’s sunny late-1940s Los Angeles. A veteran police detective and a veteran prostitute share a walk in the park. There are cigarettes and a pedestrian bridge to cross. The detective and the woman know each other too well to be friends, but they walk together. About her plans to leave town, the woman tells the detective, “It’s nice to have someone to say goodbye to.” It’s nice to have someone to say goodbye to. The line is softly devastating in its lonely suggestion that we very well might not have someone to say goodbye to, and at the same time full of a spare optimism: despite everything that’s gone wrong between them, these two sturdy, somewhat ill-tempered survivors feel the need to say goodbye before slipping from each other’s lives. The scene is from the 1981 film True Confessionsâ€"think Chinatown less dark with more heartâ€"starring Robert De Niro and Robert Duvall. An adaptation of the 1977 novel of the same name, the screenplay was written by author John Gregory Dunne and wife Joan Didion. At its core, the movie is about people aging into the consequences of a lifetime of choices, a defining focus of Didion’s first book of nonfiction essays, Slouching towards Bethlehem (1968). To read the book’s title essay is to roam the blocks of Haight-Ashbury during the height of the Sixties, to feel the sinking lost-ness and anxious uncertainty of that time and place. The essay’s opening sets a broad lens for the more specific, on-the-ground writing that will follow: The center was not holding. It was a country of bankruptcy notes and public-auction announcements and commonplace reports of casual killings and misplaced children and abandoned homes and vandals who misspelled even the four-letter words they scrawled . . . It was not a country in open revolution. It was not a country under enemy siege. It was the United States of America in the cold late spring of 1967, and the market was steady and the G.N.P. high and a great many articulate people seemed to have a sense of high social purpose and it might have been a spring of brave hopes and national promise, but it was not, and more and more people had the uneasy apprehension that it was not. Not much mental stretching is required to imagine ourselves in 2023, picking up the old Kindle Inferno or iBrain and reading the above passage and thinking back to this spring of 2013. A feeling of “uneasy apprehension” seems everywhere these post-9/11, post-recession days. I feel it even as I wonder if there is anything more cliché than an age of anxiety, if perhaps this current feeling of uncertainty is something latent in the human condition, a byproduct of living in time, of not being able to see around corners into the future. And yet, like I said, I feel the uneasiness, the sense of history “turning and turning in the widening gyre” of the W.B. Yeats poem from which Didion drew the title for Slouching towards Bethlehem. There is much to love about this book: the superior prose, the writing about cultural icons (John Wayne, Joan Baez, and Howard Hughes), the meditations on self-respect and morality, and the investigations of place (San Francisco, Los Angeles, Las Vegas wedding chapels, Hawaii). The best personal essays do not simply report or serve witness, nor do they simply preach or expound. They have to do both, to let us relive the event and to help us to share in some new perspective or understanding. This writing requires a kind of devastating (again that word) honesty. Here’s Didion in the book’s closing essay looking back at the younger self who would eventually have to flee New York in order to reset her life: I stopped at Lexington Avenue and bought a peach and stood on the corner eating it and knew that I had come out of the West and reached the mirage. I could taste the peach and feel the soft air blowing from a subway grating on my legs and I could smell the lilac and garbage and expensive perfume and I knew that it would cost something sooner or laterâ€"because I did not belong there, did not come from thereâ€"but when you are twenty-two or twenty-three, you figure that later you will have a high emotional balance, and be able to pay whatever it costs . . . Nothing was irrevocable; everything was within reach. This passage also exemplifies one gift of really good writing: to place the reader in the here-now of the always-fleeting moment and to let us look around, to take stock, and to gather ourselves before what must come next. For more on Joan Didions early career and how typing out Hemingway and Conrad and writing copy for Vogue influenced her development as a writer, see Michiko Katukanis 1979  New York Times profile. To spend a few minutes with this younger Didion, check out this short interview with Tom Brokaw: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qesozdFK8U Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Discuss Effects Of Over Fishing By Analyzing Blue Fin Tuna - 1100 Words

Discuss Effects Of Over Fishing By Analyzing The Blue Fin Tuna (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:The Blue Fin TunaIntroductionThe blue fin tuna is a species that exhibits the capability to travel across acutely temperature distinct waters because of its endothermic competence. The species migrates between warm water breeding grounds and cold water grounds, and also create vertical dives underneath the ocean, in that the atmospheric temperature can readily range from about 3C to 32C. Therefore, in order for blue fin to survive such extreme temperature alterations, which are vital for their transoceanic movement and scouring behavior, they bear endothermic capabilities that permit them to preserve steady body temperatures.Description of the environmental issue using scarcity as an economic terminologyScarcity occurs as a result of overfishing Blue fin tuna in the ocean. Moreover, this usually occurs when a vast number of fish is caught compared to what the population can reinstate through the use of natural resources. Fishermen often ove r fish because of the high demand of the Blue fin tuna in the market; thus makes them to exploit all the fish from the ocean to enable them meet the market demands of consumers (Owen). Ultimately, gathering a lot of fish might seem a profitable practice, but induces so many consequences to the economy of the country, especially in areas where fishing is conducted on a daily basis since it is considered as the only source of income. Further, because of the rise in price of the blue fin tuna, many people living next to the ocean are forced to participate in the fishing activity to enable them generate money to sustain themselves as well as their dependents. Therefore, extinction of the fish in a long run results to scarcity of blue fin tuna in the pacific oceans since most of it could have been drained during the season when there was a tremendous demand in the market.An economic approach to the environmental issueEconomists can implementa fishing policy that regulates the amount of c atch volumes. Moreover, they can enforce this in affected areas by estimating a specific volume of blue fin tuna to be caught on a regular basis. Consequently, to reduce the overall catch to a sustainable level of economic development, policymakers usually introduce the Total Allowable Catch. Exquisitely, the Total Allowable Catch should be predetermined to a level, which grants the Maximum Economic yield to be accomplished in a long period. Nonetheless, the TAC alone cannot be enough to secure economic effectiveness, for at the beginning of each new fishing period with a restricted Total Allowable Catch. This implies that every fisherman would endeavor to safeguard the largest share of the allotment for himself through engaging in a high fishing venture for a limited period. If the quota allocated to fishermen is drained within a shortest period, fishing volume will then remain unutilized until the following season. Therefore, it means that for policy makers to give an individual f isherman a shred of devising security all over the fishing season, the Total Allowable Catches are allocated to either fishermen or individual vessels; thus reduces the issue of overfishing.Reasons why a fishing policy is the most effective economic approachThe fishing policy is considered as the most effective because it administers programs, which support the socio-economic concerns in oceans to facilitate and lead federal policies concerning them. Furthermore, it also ensures safe and environmentally good marine services that are responsive to the demands of people in the economy. The policy not only prevents overfishing in the Pacific Ocean, but also regulates the quantity of fish that is caught seasonally. Besides, through this policy, the responsible bodies can easily eradicate the problem of overfishing, which may foster many circumstances that may affect the economic status of a particular affected country. For these reasons fishing policy remains a significant strategy for resolving the issue of extinction of Tuna is such areas.Cost benefit analysisScarcity of blue fin tuna fish species in the 200 miles off the coast of the particular country comprehensively describes the potential of their extinction. Besides, the relationship between blue fin tuna market demand and scarcity explodes into over fishing in the limited distance in a bid to satisfy its demand. As a result, the concerned entities have to come up with strategic measures to approach this environmental issue, if not tackled earlier the species could be brought to extinction. As earlier mentioned, the most cost benefit approach to solve the environmental issue is the establishment of policies to regulate sustainable fishing. Nonetheless, the establishment of policies is the most effective and appropriate cost benefit approach that if it is strategically performed the rate of extinction of the blue fin tuna can be condensed.The Government and civil societies should at the center stage of carry ing out policy education to the direct target audience so that they don't sound external. Notably, policy education intends at reaching a consensus with the fishers and the consumers about the sustainable ways through the fishing process can move on, satisfy the market demand, but controlled to ensure no extinction. For example, before the government implements a policy to affect the fishermen while pursuing their activity, it must enter adialogue with them so that there are taught the importance of the regulations. Further, the education shall be beneficial as fishermen develop capacity and start owning the cause for the implementation of the policies. As a result, the process of policy implementations and adherence is achieved at low cost and on a friendly basis (Owen).Before a policy is imp...

Integrity In Nursing Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 514 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Integrity Essay Did you like this example? Integrity can be defined as, the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. This vital quality is necessary in all aspects of healthcare. Integrity is essential in promoting trust between the healthcare provider and the public. Healthcare providers are faced with difficult decisions every day and typically held in high regard by the public. To thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man -William Shakespeare. Meaning in order to practice with integrity, it is essential to spend time getting to know yourself and what you believe in. Start by defining your core values. Analyze every single choice you make. Encourage integrity, especially within yourself. Its also important to develop relationships with others who promote integrity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Integrity In Nursing Practice" essay for you Create order According to a 2017 Gallup poll, nursing was the top trusted profession for 16 years straight. They have surpassed all other professions since Gallup first included them in 1999. Gallup conducts these surveys via telephone interviews with a random sampling of at least 1,000 adults. These polls reflect the trust that the public has within us and we should continue to work hard to withhold that trust. Integrity is essential to the care and healing of patients, mind, body, and soul. Trust is the foundation of nursing care and essential for interpersonal relationships. Patients need to believe that nurses are honest and accepting of the person that they are. Start by introducing yourself. This shows the patient that you want them to know you for who you are and explain what youll be doing to provide care. Be an active listener. This is key to successful communication. Validate their concerns. Open and honest communication is important in the establishment of trust. Always do what you say that you are going to do. And take extra time to connect with patients. Just as patients suffer from physical and emotional stress, so do nurses. The shortage of nurses is becoming a reality. How does this shortage affect our integrity? What about our ethics and values in general? It is said that in a crisis, those very things can be questioned. Those questions bring us back to our own values and ethics. Its important that nurses become knowledgeable about effective ways to address these situations. Its also important not to express these issues with patients. Patients tend to lose confidence that their needs will be met when this happens. Preserve your integrity even when things go wrong. Be open and honest with patients when things do go wrong. Apologize and set the undesirable situation right. Integrity does not only matter when things go wrong. Remember, when trust is damaged, there is always a price to pay. In conclusion, integrity is essential in being an ethical person. Its a vital quality in all aspects of healthcare including nursing. Integrity promotes therapeutic communication and helps establish the patient-nurse relationship. Nurses are held at a high standard regarding integrity and its important that we withhold their trust. Its important that we preserve our integrity because its a personality trait that people admire.

Implementation Of Implementing Change And Developing...

FOR IMPLEMENTING CHANGE Introduction: Businesses are constantly required to adapt to changing environment in order to maintain their position in the market and even more so if they are to truly grow.† (Biedenbacha and Soumlderholma, 2008). Changes are the crucial things in â€Å"the present market, the present rate of technological progress and growing and developing worldwide rivalry let us predict a proceeding with requirement change in future. (Armenakis and Harris, 2009). The writer says change never begins of the fact that never ends (Weick and Quinn, 1999). The firm`s constantly attempt to adapt change in environment, they grab the culture and learn to run quick and easily the firm regularly try to evolve perfectly and implement, we can find major changes in short and long run success. Research suggests that failed organizational change initiatives range from one third to as high as 80% of attempted change efforts. (Fisher, 1994; Beer and Nohria, 2000; Higgs and Rowland, 2000). Many researchers effort failed the learning space and supervise the manager in the field of change management. Then came John kotter, who focused on the change management field, specifically his first article was published in 1995 in Harvard Business Review. The same year he released the book and titled the book Leading Change(kotter, 1995), both kotter`s (1995) article and (1996) book are based on kotter`s personal research and experiences in the business filed, the book does not have anyShow MoreRelatedThe External Competitive Environment at Lenova1593 Words   |  6 Pagesthe industry is extremely competitive or volatile. Industry evolution brings change in sources and nature of competition (Porter 1979). This essay will analyse the external competitive environment and critically evaluate the strategies employed by Lenovo, a Chinese technological corporation, in dealing with the overall declining trend of the PC (personal computer) market. Case study overview Recent years saw the worldwide PC market growth rate undergoing a drastic plummet (Arthur 2013). The latestRead MoreToday, More Than Ever, The Ceo Of Wal-Mart Has To Undertake1177 Words   |  5 Pageshas to undertake new products, organizational growth, the increase of competition, and a changing workforce due to technological developments. In response, the CEO must place Wal-Mart in a position to be responsive to changes. Part of putting Wal- Mart in the right place for change is dependent on the CEO ability to take advantages of the strategies recommended. For instance, Wal-Mart must exploit innovation and use technology to increase sales, also to build stronger relationships with customersRead MoreThe 21st Century Communication And Technology2012 Words   |  9 Pagesprovide the faster means of growth in most of the business sectors, all across the worlds which provide better quality of goods with help of fast transportation system. 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The Company s bistros offer a varietyRead MoreInformation Technology Term Paper6794 Words   |  28 PagesProcess improvement 6 Resource optimization 6 Operating excellence 7 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 7 Business management issues 7 Strategic and competitive issues 7 Planning and implementation concerns 8 Operational items 8 Identify how the variables defined by Strassmanns Model will be measured 8 Efficiency 8 Effectiveness 8 Competitivness 8 Profitability 8 Strategic Information Systems Assessment (Week 2) Create anRead MoreWhirlpool Case Study6891 Words   |  28 Pages3 Inputs into information systems 3 How IT can affect industry attractiveness? 4 The threats of new entrants 4 The bargaining power of customers 5 The bargaining power of supplier 5 The threat of substitute products 5 Competitive rivalry between companies of the same manufacturing industry 6 Value Chain Analysis 6 Product life cycle 8 Boston Box Portfolio Analysis 8 The Star 8 The Wild Cat 9 The Cash Cow 10 The Dog 10 McFarlan’s matrix 10 Strategic 11 TurnaroundRead MoreThe Organizational Study of Levi Strauss3980 Words   |  16 Pagesorganizational structure and design of the world’s largest brand-name apparel marketers, Levi Strauss Company. 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The Land of the Sad Orange - 2586 Words

Ghassan Kanafani in: â€Å" The Land of the Sad Orange† Ghassan Kanafani was born in Akka Palestine in 1936 and died, as a result of an Israeli bomb planted to his car on 8th July 1972. His Danish wife Annie, described the event saying: â€Å"†¦We used to go shopping together every Saturday morning, on that day he accompanied his niece Lamees. A few minutes after they left, I heard the sound of a huge explosion. I ran but only saw remanence of our exploded small car. Lamees was a few meters away from the spot, but I could not find Ghassan. I hoped to find him injured, but I only found his left leg. I was devastated, and our son Fayez, started knocking his head against the wall. Little layla was crying: Baba†¦Baba†¦I gathered his remains, the Beiruti†¦show more content†¦We were responsible to find ourselves a solution †¦we were responsible to find a roof over our heads. The pain started to strike the head of the naive young boy. Night was awful, and the dark started to fall, bit by bit, I was frightened†¦thinking that I am going to spend the night on the pavement of the road, filled my spirit with dreadful nightmares†¦.no one was there to calm me down†¦.I couldn’t find any person to turn for†¦your father’s rigid silence raised more fear in my heart, and the oranges with your mother’s hand ignited fire in my chest†¦everyone was silent everyone was gazing to the black road hoping that some solution could rise from around the corner and take us to a certain roof. Then the destiny came†¦It was your uncle who came to the town few days earlier. He was our destiny. Your uncle wasn’t a man of real values, and when he found himself on the road, he became more savage. He went to a house where a Jewish family lived, opened the door, threw the content of the room away and cried to their face: â€Å"Go to Palestine†. For sure they didn’t go to Palestine, but, intimidated by his frustration and anger, they went to another room leaving him to enjoy a roof and a floor. Your uncle led us to that room; we were heapedShow MoreRelatedThe Obstacle of Migration: Land of Oranges Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesmatter how you battle through adversity, coming out on top is impossible. This problem is expressed in the short story The Land of Sad Oranges by Ghassan Kanafani which reveals a story of the journey and settling of a family exiled from their homeland of Palestine. This family constantly recalls oranges and orange trees, which were very prevalent in their homeland. The oranges served as the physical and constant reminder of the fami lies homeland, and the author uses the significance of the motif toRead More##bols And Symbolism In Life Of Pi By Yann Martel1011 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Life of Pi†, written by Yann Martel, there are many symbols that have been proven to be significant throughout the novel. 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In Life of Pi symbolism was used by the author Yann Martel and was very dominant on Pi s epic voyage and was shown through Richard Parker s character and the colour orange. When Pi first sees Richard Parker on the life boat Richard Parker is characterizedRead MoreRelocating Orlandos Natives Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesOrlando, I tell them without a doubt it is a â€Å"tourist town† that becomes more and more confusing every day. Years before Disney and SeaWorld, Florida was considered the major â€Å"citrus center† of the world because we were known for growing citrus (oranges, grapefruits, tangerines). 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In the image the foreground displays an uneven cube with a path of the tones of green blended in with the orange and creating the tones of orange. The middle ground displays dark tones of the dark olive green and a slight of grey. It is coloured in a triangular form which is different from other objects. In the background coconut trees are displayed next to a high and slim buildingRead MoreTelevision Has Portrayed A Great Deal Of Stereotypical Behavior1347 Words   |  6 Pagesknow it is obviously not right. It’s really sad when I sit here and think about it. Most people especially our youth feel that they have to deal with this damaging stereotype in order to be seen as a member of that particular ethic com munity. On the other hand, some television programs and media do reflect the disturb reality of what society has become. 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The State Of State Prisons - 1726 Words

The Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) had $562.2 million in prison expenditures in 2010. However, the state also had more than $7.2 million in prison-related costs outside the department’s budget. The total cost of Indiana’s prisons—to incarcerate an average daily population of 38,417—was therefore $569.5 million, of which 1.3 percent were costs outside the corrections budget. Determining the total cost of state prisons requires accounting for expenditures in all areas of government that support the prison system; not just those within the corrections budget. The additional costs to taxpayers can include expenses that are centralized for administrative purposes (such as employee benefits and capital costs) and services for inmates†¦show more content†¦Once a budget has been received, a budget officer goes over the prepared document and balances the proposal based on what is being requested and develops a recommended budget. From there the b udget is submitted to the governing authority, in this case the Department of Corrections. Once the Department of Corrections has reviewed all the important information obtained in the recommended budget, it then filed a proposed budget which is presented at the public board meetings. Once all adjustments to the initial budget plan are completed, a final adopted budget is put in place. This is what most department heads will use as the fiscal basis throughout the year. The main contributors to the budget process include the governing authority, chief budget officer, and department heads. The governing authority is typically the county board or city council in local government. In a regional jail arrangement, a regional governing board may consist of representatives from each participating jurisdiction. The agreement that creates the regional authority generally defines the regional governing board’s authority concerning budget issues. The governing authority must approve the budget for the jurisdiction and any changes to it during the fiscal year. It also secures the revenues necessary to fund the budget by setting tax levies and user fee rates,

Anorexia Nervosa Free Essays

Anorexia Nervosa is one of the most common eating disorders highly prevalent among the teenagers.   Anorexia Nervosa is a condition which affects individuals who are looking for perfection of their body shape, but which has devastating psychological and the physiological effects on the individual. It is usually characterized by extreme low body weight and distortion of the body image. We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia Nervosa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of those who become anorexic have an obsessive fear of gaining excess weight resulting to various voluntary easting disorders including starvation, purging, excessively engaging in physical exercises to create a negative energy balance, and other measures like diet pills or the use of diuretic drugs. The condition has also shown a gender dimension where female adolescents are mostly affected although research shows that about 10% of anorexia condition has been diagnosed in males.   The condition comes with various neurobiological, psychological, and sociological effects which may lead to the death of the victim. While individuals may have an obsessive fear of gaining weight, anorexia nervosa may have severe negative effects more than what can be attributed to being overweight. What is anorexia nervosa? While the battle ranges on fighting the rising case of overweight, there are more efforts directed on the opposite direction.   The rising cases of anorexia nervosa especially among our teenagers has been a matter of concern   to health experts promoting action on some social events like modeling competition which promote anorexic conditions especially one teenage girls (Ellison, 1999). Anorexia nervosa, which is simply referred to as anorexia, is eating disorder which affects individuals who have obsessive fear of becoming overweight.   It is a psychological disorder which goes beyond eating disorder. Apart from fearing begin overweight, it is also an unhealthy way of trying to cope with various emotional problems, perfectionism and the desire to have control. Anorexic individuals usually equate themselves with how thin they are.   While it starts out as a simple way to diet, the condition may spill out of control and become chronic therefore difficult to overcome (Simpson, 2002).   Anorexic individual tend to maintain a body weight that is far below their normal body mass index, which is a ratio of individual height and weight, and which is used to assess the weight status of individuals.   In some extreme cases, individuals becoming skeletally thin although due to psychological disorder they think they are still fat and therefore continue losing more weight. This extreme thinning comes with various health effects including psychological and physiological effects. Causes of anorexia nervosa Although there is no known cause of anorexia nervosa, it is postulated that biological, psychological and social cultural factors at play which leads to development of the condition.  Ã‚   Let us look at these factors. Biological predisposition is one of the leading factors which lead to development of the condition. Research has found out that teenagers with parents or older siblings who have developed the condition are at a higher risk.   This may indicate a genetic link to the development of the condition (Ellison, 1999). Studies of twins have been used to support this possible genetic link. There is a probability that individual have genetic component towards perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance which are traits associated with the condition.   However, there is no evidence that serotonin, which is the hormone associated with depression, has a role in development of the condition. Psychological factors have been explored far and wide.   It is postulated that it is possible that people with anorexic individuals have psychological and emotional characteristics which may predispose the individual to the condition. These individuals tend to have obsessive-compulsive personality traits which may influence them to stick to a strict diet despite their continued hunger (Ellison, 1999).   They may also have an extreme drive to perfectionism. For social cultural factor, research has found out that the modern western culture reinforces the desire to have a thin body.   The media has created the desire to have waif-like images of models and actors who become role model for the teens.   Peer pressure may also have a factor to play (Simpson, 2002). How does Anorexia Nervosa evolve? Anorexia nervosa is a chronic condition which evolves in different stages.   An understanding of these stages is important to assist physicians to identify the most appropriate intervention that will be appropriate intervention. The first stage is the identification of weight problem, which is an obsessive problem although the individual may not be overweight. At this stage the individual begin dieting. The stage may last four to six months. The mind of the victim is occupied with the need to lose weight and control the body. Close friends and family members are helpless to the victim. The next stage is the stagnation stage. At this juncture, the weight loss reaches its bottom and the individual cannot lose more weight (Lucas, 2005).   This is a long period which is usually filled with frustrations individuals want to lose more weight which they cannot and at the same time they are not ready to gain weight. The third stage is regaining of weight.   In this period, the individual fails to gain more control of her body as body cells respond to starvation. This is usually one of the most terrible periods for the individual as one cannot have more control of the body. The individual may have bulimic episodes but continued weight gain makes one frustrated and unhappy which is followed by self hate and sometimes depression (Lucas, 2005). The individual seems to improve physically but psychologically feels incompetent setting in the paradox of anorexia. The last stage is confronting the reality.   At this stage, the individual is physically correct and their weight become normal again and has no more bulimic episodes or if present they are less intense. At this stage, individuals are able to accept themselves but with help from counselors, friends, and family members. (Lucas, 2005) How to cite Anorexia Nervosa, Papers

Social and Cultural Construction of Risk - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social and Cultural Construction of Risk. Answer: Introduction The discussion aims at understanding the different aspects of the social construction and the concept of sociological imagination. This discussion will be helping to evaluate the situations of unemployment in Australia. It will assist to understand the manner in which it is affecting the livelihood of the people there. The sociological imagination has helped in determining the effects of the unemployment on the society with a degrading standard of living. The relation of the different aspects of the unemployment is related to the growth of the enterprises in the economy. The unemployment in the region has narrowed the scope of healthcare. It has also affected the people, as they cannot afford the housing facilities. The unemployment in Australia has affected the livelihood of the people in the individual level. The proper understanding of the society is based on the determination of the perspectives through which the human behavior can be perceived. The sociological imagination helps in determining the different aspects that interlinks the individuals and the society (Johnsonand Covello 2012). It helps in ensuring the proper understanding of the different aspects that unifies the issues faced by the individuals with the society. On the other hand, the term social construction helps in determining the initiative that is being undertaken by the individuals in order to construct the society according to their own perceptions (Abdelkerim and Grace 2012). It helps in determining the variations in the society. On the other hand, the livelihood of the people and the diminishing economic conditions affects the growth of the society (Sanford2017). The unemployment has created situations of imbalance in the society, which has affected the lifestyle of the people. The poor employment conditions affect the economic position of the nation where wealth is accumulated in the hands of few and the rest are ignored of the privilege. In a broader society, the economic structure of the society is based on the understanding of the different factors that affects the growth. It is estimated that some 32% of the Australians are affected by the different factors of unemployment and poverty (Sanford 2017). Lysaker and Miller(2013) stated that the economic transgression of the region is affected by the individual growth. It has affected the GDP of the nation as the radical nature of the unemployment has affected the growth of the individuals thereby affecting the society. The crime rate of the less developed areas of the region is sure to increase by 12% with the lack of proper employment options. It will be affecting the society based on the individual standards. On the other hand, the proper understanding of the social construction helps in determining the aspects of the change that is required to be undertaken in order to bring in improvements in the society. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be stated that the proper identification of the different factors of unemployment has contributed to the study of the social imagination. The study is facilitated through the determination of the link between the individual and the society and the manner in which the issue that is being faced by the individuals in the society affects the society. The issues that are being faced by the people due to the unemployment have affected the livelihood of the individuals, which created an impact on the growth of the social culture. References Abdelkerim, A.A. and Grace, M., 2012. Challenges to employment in newly emerging African communities in Australia: A review of the literature.Australian Social Work,65(1), pp.104-119. Johnson, B.B. and Covello, V.T. eds., 2012.The social and cultural construction of risk: Essays on risk selection and perception(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Lysaker, J.T. and Miller, A., 2013. Engaging social imagination: The developmental work of wordless book reading.Journal of Early Childhood Literacy,13(2), pp.147-174. Sanford, N., 2017.Self and society: Social change and individual development. Routledge.

Nibm Iii Semester Assignments free essay sample

Managerial Economics Suppose you are the Marketing Manager of Bayer Company, Ahmedabad, which are the techniques you will apply in forecasting demand of a product yet to be manufactured. The firm must plan for the future. Planning for the future involves forecasting. A forecast is an estimation or prediction about situations which are most likely to occur in near or distant future. No businessman can afford to ignore forecasting if he wants to thrive and prosper in his business. The firm has to forecast the future level of demand for its product under different possible circumstances; such as prices, competition, promotional activities and general economic activity. Similarly forecasting will be necessary with reference to costs under changing conditions of availability of raw materials and their respective prices, changing technology, wage rates, labour training and capital acquisition programmes. Forecasting does play a key role in managerial decisions and hence forecasting is emphasized in the study of managerial economics. We will write a custom essay sample on Nibm Iii Semester Assignments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The objective of business forecasting is to minimize risk and the margin of uncertainty in business. Techniques of Demand Forecasting Many techniques are available that can be used in forecasting economic variables. Some forecasting techniques are quantitative, others are qualitative. When quantitative information is not quite available then qualitative technique is to be relied upon for getting the required forecasts. There are, as such, two approaches to demand forecasting. First is to obtain information about the intentions of the spenders through collecting experts’ opinion or by conducting interviews with the consumers. Second is to use past experience as the guide and using or projecting the past statistical relationships to obtain the expected level of future demand. The first method is also considered to be qualitative and is mostly used for short-term forecasting; whereas the second method is quantitative and is used for long-term forecasting. We can forecast the demand for existing product by using any one or even mix of the above methods, but to forecast demand for new product we have to use survey method only because the new product has no past or historical data to offer. How is demand forecast determined? There are two approaches to determine demand forecast – (1) the qualitative approach, (2) the quantitative approach. The comparison of these two approaches is shown below: Description| Qualitative Approach| Quantitative Approach| Applicability| Used when situation is vague little data exist (e. . , new products and technologies)| Used when situation is stable historical data exist(e. g. existing products, current technology)| Considerations| Involves intuition and experience| Involves mathematical techniques| Techniques| Jury of executive opinionSales force compositeDelphi methodConsumer market survey| Time series modelsCausal models| Qualitative Forecasting Methods Your company may wish to try any of the qu alitative forecasting methods below if you do not have historical data on your products sales. Qualitative Method| Description| Jury of executive opinion| The opinions of a small group of high-level managers are pooled and together they estimate demand. The group uses their managerial experience, and in some cases, combines the results of statistical models. | Sales force composite| Each salesperson (for example for a territorial coverage) is asked to project their sales. Since the salesperson is the one closest to the marketplace, he has the capacity to know what the customer wants. These projections are then combined at the municipal, provincial and regional levels. | Delphi method| A panel of experts is identified where an expert could be a decision maker, an ordinary employee, or an industry expert. Each of them will be asked individually for their estimate of the demand. An iterative process is conducted until the experts have reached a consensus. | Consumer market survey| The customers are asked about their purchasing plans and their projected buying behavior. A large number of respondents is needed here to be able to generalize certain results. | Quantitative Forecasting Methods There are two forecasting models here – (1) the time series model and (2) the causal model. A time series is a s et of evenly spaced numerical data and is o btained by observing responses at regular time periods. In the time series model , the forecast is based only on past values and assumes that factors that influence the past, the present and the future sales of your products will continue. On the other hand, t he causal model uses a mathematical technique known as the regression analysis that relates a dependent variable (for example, demand) to an independent variable (for example, price, advertisement, etc. ) in the form of a linear equation. The time series forecasting methods are described below: Time Series Forecasting Method| Description| Naive Approach| Assumes that demand in the next period is the same as demand in most recent period; demand pattern may not always be that stableFor example:If July sales were 50, then Augusts sales will also be 50| Time Series Forecasting Method| Description| Moving Averages (MA)| MA is a series of arithmetic means and is used if little or no trend is present in the data; provides an overall impression of data over timeA simple moving average uses average demand for a fixed sequence of periods and is good for stable demand with no pronounced behavioral patterns. Equation:F 4 = [D 1 + D2 + D3] / 4F – forecast, D – Demand, No. – Period(see illustrative example – simple moving average)A weighted moving average adjusts the moving average method to reflect fluctuations more closely by assigning weights to the most recent data, meaning, that the older data is usually less important. The weights are based on intuition and lie between 0 and 1 for a total of 1. 0Equation:WMA 4 = (W) (D3) + (W) (D2) + (W) (D1)WMA – Weighted moving average, W – Weight, D – Demand, No. – Period(see illustrative example – weighted moving average)| Exponential Smoothing| The exponential smoothing is an averaging method that reacts more strongly to recent changes in demand by assigning a smoothing constant to the most recent data more strongly; useful if recent changes in data are the results of actual change (e. g. seasonal pattern) instead of just random fluctuationsF t + 1 = a D t + (1 a ) F tWhereF t + 1 = the forecast for the next periodD t = actual demand in the present periodF t = the previously determined forecast for the present period†¢Ã‚   = a weighting factor referred to as the smoothing constant| Time Series Decomposition| The time series decomposition adjusts the seasonality by multiplying the normal forecast by a seasonal factor. | Quantitative Techniques for Business Analysis Suppose you are heading a business unit in India which are the points about statistic you will keep in mind for doing business profitable. In other words what is the relevance of Business statistics in your venture. The basic objective with which Business Statistics is used for making inferences that is reaching a decision or conclusion and predictions and assumptions. In business, decision making is a very critical phase and is used in all the fields of business. The use of statistics makes comparisons and analysis easier which relatively quickens the decision-making process and also makes it a little easier. But using statistics the relationships of different variables can be studied. Statistics makes it possible to do what-if analysis. Regression analysis is used for studying the relationship between variables and the dependency of one upon the other. Research shows that the use of statistical models improves the decision making process. By using probabilities, different predictions can also be made in business  · Statistical skills enable to intelligently collect, analyze and interpret data relevant to their decision-making. Statistical concepts and statistical thinking enable them to: solve problems in a diversity of contexts. add substance to decisions. reduce guesswork. It is always better to use the concepts which are already used so that it is very easy to the head making the business profitable and a slight innovation or advancement is needed in order to prevent the idea from carbon copy. The use of statistics is a comparison and hence comparison plays a vital role. When a business is statistically implemented the flaws are reduced because it solves th e problem very easily it helps making proper decision and reduces redundancy. The bottom line. Thats what many business people look at to gauge the profitability of a company. While important, the bottom line doesnt always provide the entire picture, and using it as the sole barometer of company performance could have serious fiscal repercussions. Ratios: Gross Profit on Net Sales Net Profit on Net Sales Management Rate of Return Net Profit to Tangible Net Worth Rate of Return on Common Stock Equity Analytical Procedures: Comparative Statements Index-Number Trend Series Common-Size Statements Analysis of Financial Statement Components Purpose of Profitability Analysis A properly conducted profitability analysis provides invaluable evidence concerning the earnings potential of a company and the effectiveness of management. II. Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios are the most significant and telling of financial ratios. Similar to income ratios, profitability ratios provide a definitive evaluation of the overall effectiveness of management based on the returns generated on sales and investment. The adequacy of your companys earnings can be measured in terms of (1) the rate earned on sales; (2) the rate arned on average total assets; (3) the rate earned on average common stockholders equity; and (4) the availability of earnings to common stockholders. The most widely used profitability measurements are profit margin on sales, return-on-investment ratios, and earnings per share. Gross Profit on Net Sales You can use the following ratio to determine the percentage of gross profit on net sales: Net Sales Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit Rate N et Sales Your gross profit rate helps you determine whether your average markup on goods will consistently cover your expenses, therefore resulting in the desired profit. If your gross profit rate is continually lower than your average margin, something is wrong! Be on the lookout for downward trends in your gross profit rate. This is a sign of future problems for your bottom line. Note: This percentage rate can and will vary greatly from business to business, even those within the same industry. Sales, location, size of operations, and intensity of competition are all factors that can affect the gross profit rate. Net Profit on Net Sales Earnings after Taxes = Net Profit Rate Net Sales This ratio provides a primary appraisal of net profits related to investment. Once your basic expenses are covered, profits will rise disproportionately greater than sales above the break-even point of operations. Note: Sales expenses may be substituted out of profits for other costs to generate even more sales and profits. Management Rate of Return This profitability ratio compares operating income to operating assets, which are defined as the sum of tangible fixed assets and net working capital. Operating Income = Rate of Return Fixed Assets + Net Working Capital This rate determines whether you have made efficient use of your assets. You can calculate for your entire company or for each of its divisions or operations, determines whether you have made efficient use of your assets. The percentage should be compared with a target rate of return that you have set for the business. Net Sales to Tangible Net Worth Net Sales = Net Sales to Tangible Net Worth Ratio Tangible Net Worth* This ratio indicates whether your investment in the business is adequately proportionate to your sales volume. It may also uncover potential credit or management problems, usually called overtrading and undertrading. Overtrading, or excessive sales volume transacted on a thin margin of investment, presents a potential problem with creditors. Overtrading can come from considerable management skill, but outside creditors must furnish more funds to carry on daily operations. Undertrading is usually caused by managements poor use of investment money and their general lack of ingenuity, skill or aggressiveness. *Tangible Net Worth = owners equity intangible assets Rate of Return on Common Stock Equity Instead of focusing on total assets, this ratio takes a reading on the rate of return on stockholders equity. Earnings after Taxes = Rate of Return Tangible Net Worth III. Analytical Procedures Procedures you can use to analyze your businesss profitability are generally broken up into two categories: (1) those based upon financial data from two or more fiscal periods, or (2) financial data from only the current fiscal period. To complete a thorough review of your companys financial standing, we recommend you utilize both types of analytical procedures. IV. Commonly Used Analytical Procedures The most common types of analytical procedures are: (1) comparative statements; (2) index-number trend series; (3) common-size statements; (4) nalysis of financial statement components; and (5) vertical analysis. V. Comparative Statements A first look at your businesss current financial figures can be quite overwhelming and, more often than not, a little confusing. But, if you were to compare that data to your businesss historical performance, it becomes significantly more meaningful. Compare your compan ys current financial numbers with monthly, quarterly, or annual data from previous fiscal years. You should notice some trends that will help you map out the future of your business. VI. Index-Number Trend Series If you are trying to analyze financial data that span a long period of time, simply trying to compare financial statements can turn into quite a cumbersome task. If you find yourself in this boat, try to create an index-number trend series to alleviate some of your confusion. First, choose a base year to which all other financial data will be compared. Usually, the base year is the earliest year in the group being analyzed, or it can be another year you consider particularly appropriate. Next, express all base year amounts as 100 percent. Then state corresponding figures from following years as a percentage of the base year amounts. Keep in mind that index-numbers can be computed only when amounts are positive. Example : YearSalesIndex-Number Trend 1998100,000100 % 1999150,000150% 2000175,000175 % The index-number trend series technique is a type of horizontal analysis that can provide you with a long range view of your firms financial position, earnings, and cash flow. It is important to remember, however, that long-range trend series are particularly sensitive to changing price levels. For instance, between 1975 and 1985 the price level in the United States doubled. A horizontal analysis that ignored such a significant change might suggest that your sales or net income increased dramatically during the period when, in fact, little or no real growth occurred. Data expressed in terms of a base year can be very useful when comparing your companys figures to those from government agencies and sources within your industry or the business world in general, because they will often use an index-number trend series as well. When making comparisons, be sure the samples you use are in the same base period. If they arent, simply change one so they match. VII. Common-Size Statements When performing a ratio analysis of financial statements, it is often helpful to adjust the figures to common-size numbers. To do this, change each line item on a statement to a percentage of the total. For example, on a balance sheet, each figure is shown as a percentage of total assets, and on an income statement, each item is expressed as a percentage of sales. This technique is quite useful when you are comparing your business to other businesses or to averages from an entire industry, because differences in size are neutralized by reducing all figures to common-size ratios. Industry statistics are frequently published in common-size form. When comparing your company with industry figures, make sure that the financial data for each company reflect comparable price levels, and that it was developed using comparable accounting methods, classification procedures, and valuation bases. Such comparisons should be limited to companies engaged in similar business activities. When the financial policies of two companies differ, these differences should be recognized in the evaluation of comparative reports. For example, one company leases its properties while the other purchases such items; one company finances its operations using long-term borrowing while the other relies primarily on funds supplied by stockholders and by earnings. Financial statements for two companies under these circumstances are not wholly comparable. Example Common-Size Income Statement YearSalesCost of GrossExpensesTaxesProfit SalesProfit 2000100%65%35%27%2%6% 1999100%68%32%27%1%4% 1998100%70%30%26%1%3% Service Marketing Selective food marketing has answered the call and was created to represent the way a foodservice broker should. As our industry rapidly evolves, yet condenses, the demand for qualified experienced representation is great. Selective food service marketings philosophy is to execute our principals agenda with thorough operator penetration effective service to our distributors. A conservative prospectus of manufactures, but go to market aggressively to succeed. What is the your vision to represent a food manufacturing company in a way that they are proud to say that they have selective food marketing services? Food Marketing: Food products often involve the general marketing approaches and techniques applied the marketing of other kinds of products and services. In food marketing, topics such as test marketing, segmentation, positioning, branding, targeting, consumer research, and market entry strategy, for example, are highly relevant. In addition, food marketing involves other kinds of challengessuch as dealing with a perishable product whose quality and availability varies as a function of current harvest conditions. The value chainthe extent to which sequential parties in the marketing channel add value to the productis particularly important. Today, processing and new distribution options provide increasing opportunities available to food marketers to provide the consumer with convenience. Marketing, services, and processing added do, however, result in significantly higher costs. In the old days, for example, consumers might have baked their own bread from locally grown flour. Today, most households buy pre-manufactured bread, and it is estimated that the farmer receives only some 5% of the price paid by the consumer for the wheat. Demographics and Food Marketing: The study of demographics involves understanding statistical characteristics of a population. For food marketing purposes, this may help firms (1)   understand the current market place (e. g. , a firm interested in entering the market for sports drinks in a given country, or worldwide, might investigate the number of people between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five, who would constitute a particularly significant market) or (2) predict future trends. In the United States and Germany, for example, birth rates are relatively low, so it can be predicted that the demand for school lunch boxes will probably decline. Therefore, firms marketing such products might see if they, instead, can shift their resources toward products consumed by a growing population (e. g. , bait boxes for a growing population of retired individuals who want to go fishing). Food marketers must consider several issues affect the structure of a population. For example, in some rapidly growing countries, a large percentage of the population is concentrated among younger generations. In countries such as Korea, China, and Taiwan, this has helped stimulate economic growth, while in certain poorer countries, it puts pressures on society to accommodate an increasing number of people on a fixed amount of land. Other countries such as Japan and Germany, in contrast, experience problems with a â€Å"graying† society, where fewer non-retired people are around to support an increasing number of aging seniors. Because Germany actually hovers around negative population growth, the German government has issued large financial incentives, in the forms of subsidies, for women who have children. In the United States, population growth occurs both through births and immigration. Since the number of births is not growing, problems occur for firms that are dependent on population growth (e. g. , Gerber, a manufacturer of baby food). Social class can be used in the positioning of food products. One strategy, upward pull marketing, involves positioning a product for mainstream consumers, but portraying the product as being consumed by upper class consumers. For example, Haagen-Dazs takes care in the selection of clothing, jewelry, and surroundings in its advertisements to portray upscale living, as do the makers of Grey Poupon mustard. Another strategy, however, takes a diametrically opposite approach. In at level positioning, blue collar families are portrayed as such, emphasizing the working class lifestyle. Many members of this demographic group associate strongly with this setting and are proud of their lifestyles, making this sometimes a viable strategy. An advertisement for Almond Joy, for example, features a struggling high school student being quizzed by his teacher remarking, â€Å"Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don’t! †Ã‚   Nowadays, by the way, ocial class is often satirized in advertising, as evident in the Palanna All-Fruit commercials while the matron faints because the police officer refers to the fruit preserves as â€Å"jelly. † Demographics in the U. S. have significantly affected demand for certain food products. With declining birth rates, there is less demand for baby foods in general, a trend that will continue. Immigration has contributed to a demand for mor e diverse foods. Long working hours have fueled a demand for prepared foods, a category that has experienced significant growth in supermarkets since the 1980s. Food Marketing and Consumption Patterns:   Certain foods—such as chicken, cheese, and soft drinks—have experienced significant growth in consumption in recent years. For some foods, total market consumption has increased, but this increase may be primarily because of choices of a subgroup. For example, while many Americans have reduced their intake of pork due to concerns about fat, overall per capita consumption of pork has increased in the U. S. This   increase probably results in large part from immigration from Asia, where pork is a favored dish. Consumption of certain other products has decreased. Many consumers have replaced whole milk with leaner varieties, and substitutes have become available to reduce sugar consumption. Beef and egg consumption have been declining, but this may be reversing as high protein diets gain increasing favor. Some food categories have seen increasing consumption in large part because of heavy promotional campaigns to stimulate demand. International Comparisons:   Americans generally spend a significantly smaller portion of their income   on food than do people in most other countries. Part of this is due to American affluence—in India and the Philippines, families are estimated to spend 51% and 56% of their incomes on food, respectively, in large part because of low average incomes. Food prices also tend to be lower in the U. S. than they are in most industrialized countries, leaving more money for other purposes. Americans, on the average, are estimated to spend 7-11% of their income on food, compared to 18% in Japan where food tends to be very expensive. This is because food prices are relatively low, compared to other products, here. Food outlets:   Food, in the United States, is sold in a diversity of outlets. Supermarkets carry a broad assortment of goods and generally offer lower prices. Certain convenience products—e. g. , beverages and snacks—are provided in more outlets where consumers may be willing to pay higher prices for convenience. Distinctions between retail formats are increasingly blurred—e. g. , supermarkets, convenience stores, and restaurants all sell prepared foods to go. A small number of online retailers now sell food that can be delivered to consumers’ homes. This is usually not a way to reduce costs—with delivery, costs are usually higher than in supermarkets—but rather a way to provide convenience to time-pressed consumers. Internationally, there are large variations:   In developing countries, food is often sold in open markets or in small stores, typically with more locally produced and fewer branded products available. Even in many industrialized countries, supermarkets are less common than they are in the U. S. In Japan, for example, many people show in local neighborhood stores because it is impractical to drive to a large supermarket. In some European countries, many people do not own cars, and thus smaller local shops may be visited frequently. Food is increasingly being consumed away from the home—in restaurants, cafeterias, or at food stands. Here, a large part of the cost is for preparation and other services such as ambiance. Consumers are often quite willing to pay these costs, however, in return for convenience and enjoyment. Government Food Programs:   Government food programs, in addition to helping low income households, do increase demand for food to some extent. In fact, increasing demand for farm products was a greater motivation than helping poor people for the formation of the U. S. food stamp program. The actual impact on food stamps on actual consumer demand is limited, however, due to the fungibility of money. It is estimated that one dollar in food stamps increases the demand for food by 20 cents, but when food stamps are available to cover some food costs, recipients are likely to divert much of the money they would otherwise have spent to other necessities. Food Marketing Issues:   The food industry faces numerous marketing decisions. Money can be invested in brand building (through advertising and other forms of promotion) to increase either quantities demanded or the price consumers are willing to pay for a product. Coca Cola, for example, spends a great deal of money both on perfecting its formula and on promoting the brand. This allows Coke to charge more for its product than can makers of regional and smaller brands. Manufacturers may be able to leverage their existing brand names by developing new product lines. For example, Heinz started out as a brand for pickles but branched out into ketchup. Some brand extensions may involve a risk of damage to the original brand if the quality is not good enough. Coca Cola, for example, refused to apply the Coke name to a diet drink back when artificial sweeteners had a significantly less attractive taste. Coke created Tab Cola, but only when aspartame (NutraSweet) was approved for use in soft drinks did Coca Cola come out with a Diet Coke. Manufacturers that have invested a great deal of money in brands may have developed a certain level of consumer brand loyalty—that is, a tendency for consumers to continue to buy a preferred brand even when an attractive offer is made by competitors. For loyalty to be present, it is not enough to merely observe that the consumer buys the same brand consistently. The consumer, to be brand loyal, must be able to actively resist promotional efforts by competitors. A brand loyal consumer will continue to buy the preferred brand even if a competing product is improved, offers a price promotion or premium, or receives preferred display space. Some consumers how multi-brand loyalty. Here, a consumer switches between a few preferred brands. The consumer may either alternate for variety or may, as a rule of thumb, buy whichever one of the preferred brands are on sale. This consumer, however, would not switch to other brands on sale. Brand loyalty is, of course, a matter of degree. Some consumers will not switch for a moderate discount, but would switch for a large one or will occasionally buy another brand for convenience or variety. The â€Å"Four Ps† of Marketing. Marketers often refer to the â€Å"Four Ps,† or the marketing portfolio, as a way to describe resources available to market a product: Product: Firms can invest in the product by using high quality ingredients or doing extensive research and development to improve it. Both McDonald’s and Burger King, for example, literally spend millions of dollars to perfect their French fries! In today’s Western markets with varying tastes and preferences, it has generally been found that products that offer a specific benefit—e. g. , a very tart taste in jam—tend to fare better than â€Å"me, too† products that merely imitate a competitor’s products. Less is known about Eastern and developing countries. Price: Different strategies may be taken with respect to price. Generically, there are two ways to make a profit—sell a lot and make a small margin on each unit or make a large margin on each unit and settle for lesser volumes. Firms in most markets are better off if the market is balanced—where some firms compete on price and others on other features (such as different taste preferences for different segments). The same idea applies at the retail level where some retailers compete on price (e. g. , Food-4-Less and Wal-Mart) while others (such as Vons Pavillion) compete on service while charging higher prices. Distribution:   Most supermarkets are offered more products than they have space for. Thus, many manufacturers will find it difficult to get their products into retail stores. Promotion involves the different tools that firms have to get consumers to buy more of their products, possibly at higher prices. Advertising is what we think of by default, but promotion also includes coupons, in-store price promotions, in-store demonstrations, or premiums (e. g. , if you buy a package of Jimmy Dean hotdogs this week, you get a free package of Kraft mustard). The Value Chain:   A central issue in food marketing is the value chain, the process by which different parties in between the farmer and the consumer dd value to the product. In an extreme case, the farmer only receives about five cents for every dollar ultimately charged for bread in the store. Part of the added cost results from other ingredients, but much of the value is added from processing (e. g. , milling), manufacturing, distribution (transportation, wholesaling, and retailing) and brand building. The value chai n provides an opportunity for many firms to add value to a product. This, of course, pushes up the ultimate retail prices of foods. However, these added costs usually result from consumer demand where consumers are willing to pay for additional convenience. In recent years, for example, there has been a sharp increase in the demand for prepared foods—from supermarkets or from dine-in or take-out from restaurants. It is important to note that the value chain comes about in large part because a sequence of contributors allows each to specialize in what it does best or is most comfortable—and best qualified—to be doing. Farmers, for example, tend to be most interested in doing actual farming tasks and may be uncomfortable making deals with processors and manufacturers. Agents may specialize in this task. The costs of learning can be spread across many different farmers. The farmer may then be better off paying the agent and spend his or her time on farming instead . For the agent, having a large number of farmers as clients is profitable. Most farms would not have a sufficient volume to justify setting up milling operations, but large processors can take advantage of economies of scale by servicing many farmers. Large manufacturers can invest in brand building, and distributors can combine goods from many different suppliers to distribute and sell efficiently. The Food Marketing Environment:   The food market is affected by many different forces—e. . , sociological (fewer children mean less demand for certain products), government regulations, international trade conditions, science and technology, weather and other conditions affecting harvest conditions, economic cycles, and competitive conditions. Food Markets: Characteristics Food Marketing Efficiency refers to providing consumers with desired levels of service at the lowest cost possib le. This does not necessarily mean to minimize costs after materials leave the farm. Services added later in the process may be very valuable to the consumer. Raw wheat would not be very valuable to most end consumers. The objective, then, is to add the needed value steps as efficiently as possible. Wal-Mart is extremely efficient in providing the retail (and effectively wholesale) part of the value chain even though that service ultimately costs money. Few consumers would want to drive a long distance to a bakery, and even if they did, the baker would then have to provide the retail services. The baker would probably have to spend more money on hiring people and maintaining the store than Wal-Mart adds to the cost by performing these services. Characteristics of Food Products and Production:   Certain problems are introduced by the characteristics of agricultural production: Large crop variations:   Weather and other environmental factors greatly influence the size of a crop during any given year. At the farm level, demand for agricultural products is generally very inelastic. That means that a small change in the crop size can greatly affect prices. If the orange harvest is only 5% above normal, orange juice manufacturers have a lot of farmers to buy from. Since it is difficult to increase consumer demand much in the short run, manufacturers are unlikely to significantly increase the quantities purchased, and prices may go down by much more than the 5%. Seasonal effects:   Certain products—such as turkeys, pumpkin pie, and cranberries—are demanded mostly during selected periods of the year. Other products—such as oranges for orange juice—are demanded more uniformly year-round, but are available in larger quantities during the season. Fresh peaches, for example, are abundantly available in the U. S. uring the summer, but usually need to be imported—at high costs—during the winter season. Increasing production levels:   Scientific advances have enabled farmers to produce more crops on a given amount of land. This has dramatically increased the supply of certain products, often more than the increase in population and export markets. This has made markets more competitive. Geographic concentra tion and varying production costs:   Certain products are grown most efficiently in certain parts of the country. Wheat and corn could be grown in the South, but at a higher cost than in colder climates. Oranges tend to fare better in warmer climates. This means that many products need to be transported over long distances. Derived demand:   Farmers need farm supplies (e. g. , fertilizer, seeds) and equipment (e. g. , tractors). Thus, when there is an increase in market demand for a particular crop, this will tend to result in increased demand for products supplied to farmers. Problems in Agricultural Marketing:   Farmers tend to face serious problems due to their limited control over market conditions. In the long run, farmers can to some extent control their own production levels, but they have no control over others. If other farmers increase their production, thus increasing supply and resulting in decreased market prices, there is nothing that the farmer can do about it. Another problem is that it takes time for the farmer to adjust his or her output. To increase production of hogs, for example, it is necessary to breed more stock. This takes time, and by the time the larger stock is available, prices may have reversed—i. e. , the farmer decided to raise more hogs when prices went up, but by the time the stock is ready, market prices may have declined (either because of an increasing supply from other farmers or because of a change in consumer tastes). Farmers have low bargaining power in dealing with buyers. Processors or manufacturers have many farmers to choose from. They do not need the product from any one particular farmer since commodities are seen as identical. Farmers, therefore, end up having to sell at a market price that may or may not be profitable at a given time. Farmers often face a â€Å"cost-squeeze† when market prices change. When market prices decline (usually due to supply conditions), prices paid to farmers decline. However, the farmer’s costs are unlikely to decline, leaving the farmer to absorb this loss. Such price fluctuations may change a crop from being mildly profitable to being causing significant losses. Decisions on Marketing Efforts:   Certain food product producers have decided to collectively promote their crops—e. g. , Florida oranges, Washington apples, and beef growers. For a commodities product, it is generally not worthwhile for the individual farmer to promote. Thus, promotion efforts are typically undertaken by trade groups such as the Beef Council. If participation is voluntary, many producers would be likely to free-ride—that is, benefit from others’ efforts without contributing themselves. In many jurisdictions, participation in various programs in mandatory. In some cases, farmers can petition for a refund, but must then go through a great deal of effort. Manufacturers frequently engage in brand building—e. g. , Kraft promotes Kraft cheese as being of especially high quality. Here, the manufacturer benefits, and thus may have an incentive to spend money on these promotional efforts. Trends in Food and Agricultural Marketing:   Science has allowed both for significant increases in productivity and for adapting products to market needs. For example, it is now possible to produce firmer fruits that are less likely to be bruised or spoil in transit. (This may happen at some cost in taste, however). Other research may be conducted to optimize tastes and appearances for one or more consumer segments. This research is often proprietary—sponsored by specific manufacturers and kept secret as a competitive advantage. In order to meet the demands of consumers and manufacturers, there is now an increased need for growers, processors, and manufacturers to work together to create products that meet needed standards. It is also possible today to produce an increasing number of niche products—products that appeal to one particular segment of the market. Competition is increasingly global, with both suppliers and buyers being spread increasingly across the world. Because of the increasingly complex marketplace, managers increasingly. Quality Systems Management What are the points you will keep in mind about the concept of quality control and inspection if you are the quality systems manager of a rubber products manufacturing unit? Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA). QA is defined as a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a product or service under development (before work is complete, as opposed to afterwards) meets specified requirements. QA is sometimes expressed together with QC as a single expression, quality assurance and control (QA/QC). In order to implement an effective QC program, an enterprise must first decide which specific standards the product or service must meet. Then the extent of QC actions must be determined (for example, the percentage of units to be tested from each lot). Next, real-world data must be collected (for example, the percentage of units that fail) and the results reported to management personnel. After this, corrective action must be decided upon and taken (for example, defective units must be repaired or rejected and poor service repeated at no charge until the customer is satisfied). If too many unit failures or instances of poor service occur, a plan must be devised to improve the production or service process and then that plan must be put into action. Finally, the QC process must be ongoing to ensure that remedial efforts, if required, have produced satisfactory results and to immediately detect recurrences or new instances of trouble. In general, the application of the concept of Quality Control and Inspection for a rubber products manufacturing unit would consist of: 1. Receiving Inspection to assure the product/material received meets the required specifications before it is manufactured. . In-process Inspection (On-going basis)- to assure the parts 3. Finished Goods Inspection (to ensure any secondary operations are performed to specifications and that product meets all requirements) This is the inspection side. Keeping all of this in mind, the concept of quality is to ensure the product is manufactured correct the first time. a. Receiving Inspection: It means as a Quality systems manager the product or the material received from various sources should be tested or evaluated to know whether it meets the specifications. If not the Raw-material should be dismissed and not to be used. b. In process Inspection: This means the products have to be tested while on the production or while they are In-process. This will give the fair idea to the QA manager whether the products are generating the expecting outcome. If he thinks the rubber material doesnt producing the expected outcome it should be terminated immediately. c. Finished goods Inspection: This means the products have to be tested to assure 100% quality. The QC manager has to take the full in charge and pass the QC test The above said methods are critical and it should be followed strictly without which the product may not meet the specifications of Quality control and inspection. Zero-level defect must be assured to get 100% quality of rubber goods. Management Research You are in charge of promoting a new flavor of tooth paste yet to be produced in a tooth paste manufacturing unit. Which sampling techniques will you use to get the required data from a population? Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, especially for the purposes of statistical inference. Each observation measures one or more properties (weight, location, etc. ) of an observable entity enumerated to distinguish objects or individuals. Survey weights often need to be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population It is incumbent on the researcher to clearly define the target population. There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic and judgment. The population is defined in keeping with the objectives of the study. Sometimes, the entire population will be sufficiently small, and the researcher can include the entire population in the study. This type of research is called a census study because data is gathered on every member of the population. Usually, the population is too large for the researcher to attempt to survey all of its members. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. Sampling methods are classified as either probability or non-probability. In probability samples, each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In non-probability sampling, members are selected from the population in some non-random manner. These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The advantage of probability sampling is that sampling error can be calculated. Sampling error is the degree to which a sample might differ from the population. When inferring to the population, results are reported plus or minus the sampling error. In non probability sampling, the degree to which the sample differs from the population remains unknown. Random sampling is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic sampling is often used instead of random sampling. It is also called an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Stratified sampling is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. Sufficient refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums. Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient. This non-probability method is often used during preliminary research efforts to et a gross estimate of the results, without incurring the cost or time required to select a random sample. Judgment sampling is a common non-probability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually an extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one representative city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each stratum. This differs from stratified sampling, where the stratums are filled by random sampling. Snowball sampling is a special non-probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross section from the population. If I were an officer to promote a new flavour of toothpaste yet to be produced, I would use RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD Random sampling: Random sampling- all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample. You might think this means just standing in the street and asking passers-by to answer your questions. However, there would be many members of the population who would not be in the street at the time you are there; therefore, they do not stand any chance of being part of your sample. To pick a random sample, it is necessary to take all the names on the electoral register (A list of all the people who live in a particular area) and pick out, for example, every fiftieth name. This particular person needs to be interviewed to make the sample truly random. Random sampling is very expensive and time consuming, but gives a true sample of the population. Types of Random sample: A simple random sample is selected so that all samples of the same size have an equal chance of being selected from the population. A self-weighting sample, also known as an EPSEM (Equal Probability of Selection Method) sample, is one in which every individual, or object, in the population of interest has an equal opportunity of being selected for the sample. Simple random samples are self-weighting. Stratified sampling involves selecting independent samples from a number of subpopulations, group or strata within the population. Great gains in efficiency are sometimes possible from judicious stratification. Cluster sampling involves selecting the sample units in groups. For example, a sample of telephone calls may be collected by first taking a collection of telephone lines and collecting all the calls on the sampled lines. The analysis of cluster samples must take into account the intra-cluster correlation which reflects the fact that units in the same cluster are likely to be more similar than two units picked at random Pros and Cons: 1. There are lot of bias in Random sampling 2. It is feasible and simple as the sampling is done on a random basis. 3. Can make sample units in groups. 4. Very expensive and time consuming, but gives a true result of the population 5. While in toothpaste case, the users can given a sample piece of toothpaste randomly to get the feedback or their opinion from the chosen population Conclusion: Though the Random sampling has couple of de-merits it will help to figure out the result from the chosen population. While all other also may provide the result which may not be best comparing to the sampling method which I have chosen (Random Sampling) Business Environment Imagine yourself as a new businessman what are the objectives of business that you will keep in mind if you have to launch a new business? Business Objectives Objectives give the business a clearly defined target. Plans can then be made to achieve these targets. This can motivate the employees. It also enables the business to measure the progress towards to its stated aims. The most effective business objectives meet the following criteria: S Specific objectives are aimed at what the business does, e. g. hotel might have an objective of filling 60% of its beds a night during October, an objective specific to that business. M Measurable the business can put a value to the objective, e. g. â‚ ¬10,000 in sales in the next half year of trading. A Agreed by all those concerned in trying to achieve the objective. R Realistic the objective should be challenging, but it should also be able to be achieved by the resources available. T- Time specific they have a time limit of when the objective should be achieved, e. g. by the end of the year. The main objectives that a business might have are: Survival a short term objective, probably for small business just starting out, or when a new firm enters the market or at a time of crisis. Profit maximization try to make the most profit possible most like to be the aim of the owners and shareholders. Profit satisfying try to make enough profit to keep the owners comfortable probably the aim of smaller businesses whose owners do not want to work longer hours. Sales growth where the business tries to make as many sales as possible. This may be because the managers believe that the survival of the business depends on being large. Large businesses can also benefit from economies of scale. A business may find that some of their objectives conflict with one and other: Growth versus profit: for example, achieving higher sales in the short term (e. g. by cutting prices) will reduce short-term profit. Short-term versus long-term: for example, a business may decide to accept lower cash flows in the short-term whilst it invests heavily in new products or plant and equipment. Large investors in the Stock Exchange are often accused of looking too much at short-term objectives and company performance rather than investing in a business for the long-term. Alternative Aims and Objectives Not all businesses seek profit or growth. Some organisations have alternative objectives. Examples of other objectives: Ethical and socially responsible objectives organisations like the Co-op or the Body Shop have objectives which are based on their beliefs on how one should treat the environment and people who are less fortunate. Public sector corporations are run to not only generate a profit but provide a service to the public. This service will need to meet the needs of the less well off in society or help improve the ability of the economy to function: e. . cheap and accessible transport service. Public sector organisations that monitor or control private sector activities have objectives that are to ensure that the business they are monitoring comply with the laws laid down. Health care and education establishments their objectives are to provide a service most private schools for instance have charitable status. Their aim is the enhancement of their pupils through education. Charities and voluntary organisations their aims and objectives are led by the beliefs they stand for. Changing Objectives A business may change its objectives over time due to the following reasons: A business may achieve an objective and will need to move onto another one (e. g. survival in the first year may lead to an objective of increasing profit in the second year). The competitive environment might change, with the launch of new products from competitors. Technology might change product designs, so sales and production targets might need to change. Personal objectives are:- 1. Provide a benefit. A new business stands a greater chance at success if it is responding to a need of a consumer. Your potential customers will buy your products or service if they see that it provides some benefits to them. You must be able to respond to their what is it for me question. As a new business owner, your main task is to understand the difference between the features of your business and the benefits it provides. For example, if you are in the business of selling baby gift boxes, the feature and benefits are: Feature: Baby toys, books, CDs and videos not found in department stores Benefit: The customer will be able to conveniently find in one location the baby gift items she or he wants. Remember, customers buy on the basis of the benefits, and not the features of your products. This is what you are going to use as your main selling proposition, or what you will highlight to convince people to buy your products and services. By understanding the business and its benefit to consumers, entrepreneurs can differentiate their business and create niches in the market where they can enter and survive long enough to build 2. Determine the fit with your market. Before you can start marketing your new business, you first need to determine your target market. Thats right: not everyone is your customer. Some people erroneously think that they should sell to everybody, and that targeting will limit the scope of their pool of potential customers. Wrong! The purpose of defining your market is to make your life easier and increase the effectiveness of your promotional activities. You cant strike anywhere: you need to focus your energy and money. To identify your market, you need to look at your market data and personality attributes of those whom you think would most likely buy your products. Aside from the demographics of your potential customers (age, gender, income level, geographic location, etc. ), you also need to determine lifestyle factors. Are there any special interest activities that they belong to? Are there any social factors and cultural involvement that govern your customers? How do you think your market will use your products or services? 3. Right timing is everything. Some new businesses are way ahead of their times. You may have a brilliant idea, but if the market is not ready for your products, the venture will fall by the wayside. If you have a product that is so new in the market, be prepared to take on the cost of informing the buyers. Since they are not familiar with your products, show them how it will benefit their lives and demonstrate how they can use it. Infomercials, while costly, are very good vehicles for very new products. 4. Be ready to support your business. One business reality is that you need money to earn more money. You need resources to allow you to buy equipment, supplies, procure or manufacture products, package your products well and market it. Will your existing capital allow you to buy all the assets that you need in your business? How are you going to finance your inventory? If you are starting an online business, do you have the resources to create your site and pay for its upkeep? If your business does not show a profit within the year, do you have the money to support yourself? When starting a new business, you need to consider three major expenses and plan for them accordingly: your living expenses, direct costs and overhead. Living expenses is the salary you must produce to support yourself and your family. Direct costs include supplies, materials, and others that you need to produce your product or deliver your service. Overhead is the cost of running a business, and it covers marketing, utilities, office furniture and equipment. Sure, you can start a business even with little cash, but you need to be extremely creative in stretching your money and be prepared to compromise the growth of your business. You will have no choice except to build your business gradually. However, having money is not enough to assure success. The dot-com woes, especially, showed that you can burn millions and millions of dollars only o end up a failure. Digital Convergence, for example, got $250 million of funding for investors to distribute Cue Cats barcode readers for free yet laid-off most of their staffs after their business model showed to be unsustainable. The key is to use whatever money you have smartly. 5. Develop a blueprint for success. You cannot go into a business unprepared. It is important to have a plan. Think of going to business like going to war: you need to develop strategies to help you overcome your enemies. Without thinking through what you want to achieve and how to get there, you are a sitting duck waiting to be clobbered. Starting a new business entails a thorough and objective analysis of both your personal abilities and the business requirements. You need to have a clear strategy for marketing and the production aspects of your business. If you are a retail store, you need to have a plan in terms of procurement and sourcing. For all the excitement of a new business, you need to know where and how you will get the funds to finance your business. Do you have the available resources to make this business a success? And a million other details. A business plan is essential. Even if you do not want to write it all down (especially if you do not have investors), the process of preparing a business plan allows you to think through of every aspect of your business. It makes you think about the viability of your business and helps you avoid costly mistakes. When starting a business, you base your projected performance on a set of assumptions. If you have a plan, you will be able to test your planning assumptions and create fall-back measures in the event that real life proves to be vastly different from your initial visions. If you think through your business well, you can discover problem areas early on and initiate efforts to correct the problem. Remember, the business owner with a realistic plan has the best chances for success. 6. Market, market, market. In this world dominated by hype, you must be prepared to publicize the business or its chance for success will be slim. Unless you are a nationally known name with built-in clientele or your business is located in a prime location, you need to promote customer awareness for your business. If youre on the Web, you cannot expect to just sit in a corner and expect people to stumble on your site. Your marketing plan should revolve around three goals. The first is to inform customers what you have. You can do this by letting customers know what you have for sale, either through press releases for possible publication in print and TV media, brochures for your customers and leaflets distributed in your neighborhood. The second goal is to persuade potential customers to do what you want them to do buy from you. If youre in e-business, you do this by writing a very good sales copy on your site including testimonials from satisfied clients. If you have sales representatives, they could do the persuading in your behalf. The third function of marketing your business is to remind existing customers to come and buy again. If you are a Web marketer, you do this by sending a regular product updates, special offers and promos to customers emails. As a smart marketer, you know that you need to hold on to your existing customer base as it is much harder (and more expensive) to get a new customer than to sell to someone who already knows your product and the quality of your customer service.